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  语文笔记整理
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      <a href="/2021/05/03/%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%87%E7%AC%94%E8%AE%B0%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86/" class="article-date">
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  <h2 id="记叙文"><a href="#记叙文" class="headerlink" title="记叙文"></a>记叙文</h2><h3 id="理解"><a href="#理解" class="headerlink" title="理解"></a>理解</h3><ol>
<li>理解题目：表层含义。深层含义</li>
<li>概括人物形象：1.形象概括；2.情节；3.引用原文</li>
<li>概括情节：1.找线索；2.按某种结构对等划分；3.辨明时地人事情等诸多要素概括；4.当有多个不同事件时，找共性概括（分析内在线索）</li>
<li>事件：一个动作即为一个事件；情节：由两个及两个以上的具有因果联系的事件构成情节<span id="more"></span></li>
</ol>
<h3 id="分析"><a href="#分析" class="headerlink" title="分析"></a>分析</h3><h5 id="思路：具体的描写或叙述-gt-句子内容、结构、段落内容的补充与推动-gt-形象的刻画和主题的突出"><a href="#思路：具体的描写或叙述-gt-句子内容、结构、段落内容的补充与推动-gt-形象的刻画和主题的突出" class="headerlink" title="思路：具体的描写或叙述 =&gt; 句子内容、结构、段落内容的补充与推动 =&gt; 形象的刻画和主题的突出"></a>思路：具体的描写或叙述 =&gt; 句子内容、结构、段落内容的补充与推动 =&gt; 形象的刻画和主题的突出</h5><ol>
<li><p>题目的作用：</p>
<ol>
<li>时间：表明故事时间</li>
<li>地点。交代故事发生地点</li>
<li>时间地点统称环境</li>
<li>人、物：交代文章写作对象</li>
<li>时地人事物都能成为外在线索</li>
<li>时地人事物都有可能成为文章写作对象</li>
<li>事件则交代文章内容，两个及以上的事件可能构成悬念</li>
<li>情感类词汇暗示文章主旨</li>
<li>吸引读者兴趣（通用，不能单独成点）</li>
<li>特殊疑问词等，说明哪个是特殊疑问词及其效果（如倒装句）</li>
<li>如果题目带有修辞也要答出</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><p>环境描写的作用：1. 暗示人物命运；2. 设置人物活动背景；3.烘托人物心情，刻画人物形象；4. 为后文作铺垫；5.渲染气氛；6.推动故事情节发展</p>
</li>
<li><p>人物描写作用：1.作为文章线索贯穿全文；2.故事的参与者，交代故事内容，推动情节发展；3.人物形象的对比刻画；4.人物的精神品质和映衬主体</p>
</li>
<li><p>情节、倒叙和插叙的作用</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>作用</th>
<th>情节</th>
<th>插叙</th>
<th>倒叙</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>对主要情节做必要补充，推动情节发展，使情节更完整，内容更充实</td>
<td>√</td>
<td>√</td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>对人物的描写、衬托或刻画</td>
<td>√</td>
<td>√</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>突出，深化文章主题</td>
<td>√</td>
<td>√</td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>使文章的行文结构富于变化，避免呆板的平铺直叙</td>
<td></td>
<td>√</td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>引发悬念</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>吸引读者兴趣</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>√</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</li>
<li><p>句子作用</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>结构或内容</th>
<th>句子位置</th>
<th>作用</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>结构上</td>
<td>开头</td>
<td>1.总领全文，引出下文；2.设置悬念，吸引读者兴趣；3.交代背景，埋下伏笔或作铺垫</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>中间</td>
<td>承上启下</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>结尾</td>
<td>1.总结全文；2.首尾呼应</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>内容上</td>
<td></td>
<td>1.表达感情，塑造人物；2.画龙点睛。升华主题；3.交代内容</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</li>
<li><p>小标题的作用：1.可用题目的作用（以分析题目的角度分析）；2.串联全文，使文章结构严谨</p>
</li>
<li><p>引用的作用：1.增强文章说服力；2.增添文章文采；3.突出人物形象；4.若引用的是情节，则有a.情节的补充与推动b.主题的突出c.作者的态度；5.增强文章的真实性</p>
</li>
<li><p>夸张的作用：1.突出事物的本质特征；2.表达作者的情感；3.烘托气氛，引起联想</p>
</li>
<li><p>对比的作用：1.使作品主题更突出；2.使人物形象更鲜明；3.使思想感情更深刻</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="赏析："><a href="#赏析：" class="headerlink" title="赏析："></a>赏析：</h3><ol>
<li>赏析题目：1.表层含义；2.深层含义；3.作用</li>
<li>赏析关键字：<ol>
<li>修辞或描写</li>
<li>语境（结合句子内容对修辞或描写进行说明）</li>
<li>场景（要答出句子的作用，通常有设悬念、引出下文、首尾呼应、形成对比等）</li>
<li>情感（品质、特点）</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="概念"><a href="#概念" class="headerlink" title="概念"></a>概念</h3><ol>
<li><p>描写</p>
<blockquote class="pullquote mindmap mindmap-md"><ul>
<li>描写<ul>
<li>心里描写<ul>
<li>直接心里描写：内心独白、直感、幻觉描写</li>
<li>间接心里描写：语言、神态、动作、环境等</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>肖像描写</li>
<li>细节描写<ul>
<li>作用：抓住事物特征，着重刻画，入微地再现特点</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>白描</li>
<li>语言、神态、动作、心里描写等</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</blockquote></li>
<li><p>表达技巧：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>伏笔</th>
<th>==必然==的，为引出后文所设下的情节</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>铺垫</td>
<td>==可选择性==的，为引出后文所设立的情节</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>渲染</td>
<td>==正面==描写</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>烘托</td>
<td>==侧面==描写</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>联想</td>
<td>由一事物==想到==另一个==存在==的事物（真实的，存在的）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>想象</td>
<td>由一事物==加工出==另一个==不存在==的事物（虚假的，加工的）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>虚实结合</td>
<td>真实的具体描写和抽象的述说结合起来</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>工笔细描</td>
<td>用细腻的笔触，精细地描绘，抓住事物的特征，浓墨重彩，着意刻画，入微地再现事物的特征，是细节描写的一种，但更追求工整</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>正衬</td>
<td>以==好的==衬托好的</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>反衬</td>
<td>以==不好的==衬托好的</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>欲扬先抑</td>
<td>是一种写作手法，“扬”是指褒扬，“抑”是指贬低。褒扬某人或某物不从褒扬处落笔，而是先贬低，从相反的贬抑处落笔</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>象征</td>
<td>一切形式对思想，有形对无形的约定俗成的表现1.具有普遍意义的2.将象征隐藏在作品特定的语言环境中来表达作者的潜在意图</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>托物言志</td>
<td>用物来表达感情（象征）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>悬念</td>
<td>因果联想脱节而产生吸引读者兴趣的情节</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>其他</td>
<td>开门见山、承上启下、首尾呼应、卒章显志、直抒胸臆、融情于景、情景交融、以乐景写哀情</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</li>
<li><p>修辞</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>比喻</th>
<th>把一个事物比作另一个事物</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>夸张</td>
<td>对客观的人或事物进行扩大、缩小或超前的描述</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>反复</td>
<td>为突出某个意识或强调某种感情，刻意重复某个词语或句子</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>通感</td>
<td>多感官相结合</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>其他</td>
<td>排比、拟人、拟物、设问、反问、借代、引用、互文、起兴、比兴</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="分类"><a href="#分类" class="headerlink" title="分类"></a>分类</h3><ol>
<li>认知能力<ol>
<li>理解（转述或概括）</li>
<li>分析（部分与部分之间的内在联系）</li>
<li>赏析（以某种标准进行判断）</li>
<li>创造（把某些要素按某种联系或目的串联起来）</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>表达方式（篇章）<blockquote class="pullquote mindmap mindmap-md"><ul>
<li>表达方式：（篇章）<ul>
<li>说明</li>
<li>记叙<ul>
<li>事件、情节、文章、时间</li>
<li>外在线索：人、事、物</li>
<li>内在主题，内在联系（主旨）</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>议论<ul>
<li>论点、论据、论证</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>描写<ul>
<li>动作、语言、神态、心理、环境、肖像</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>抒情<ul>
<li>直接抒情（含有情感类的词汇）</li>
<li>间接抒情（与景物相结合）</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</blockquote></li>
<li>表达技巧（段落句群）<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>记叙</th>
<th>悬念、伏笔、照应、象征、联想</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>描写</td>
<td>想象、渲染、烘托、对比、衬托</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>动静结合、色味结合、虚实结合、正侧结合</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>抒情</td>
<td>借景抒情、融情于景、以乐景写哀情、直抒胸臆</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</li>
<li>修辞手法（句子，句群）：比喻、拟人、排比、夸张、对偶、设问、反问、反复等</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="其他："><a href="#其他：" class="headerlink" title="其他："></a>其他：</h3><ol>
<li>第一人称叙述的好处：1。代入感强，使读者身临其境；2.便于抒情；3.叙述亲切自然</li>
<li>第三人称叙述的好处：1.叙述中立客观；2.增强故事的可信度</li>
<li>礼貌原则：1.自己多吃亏，别人多受益；2.谦虚；3.一致观点，肯定他人观点，尽量不违背他人观点；4.同情</li>
<li>四表（综合性学习）：1.表礼貌；2.表身份；3.表来意；4.表感谢</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="说明文"><a href="#说明文" class="headerlink" title="说明文"></a>说明文</h2><h5 id="说明文的本质：客体—-gt-特征"><a href="#说明文的本质：客体—-gt-特征" class="headerlink" title="说明文的本质：客体—&gt;特征"></a>说明文的本质：客体—&gt;特征</h5><h5 id="只要出现了事物特征就一定出现说明对象"><a href="#只要出现了事物特征就一定出现说明对象" class="headerlink" title="只要出现了事物特征就一定出现说明对象"></a>只要出现了事物特征就一定出现说明对象</h5><ol>
<li>说明方法：为了把事物的特征，形状，功能，性质等介绍清楚而采用的一些表达方式<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>名称</th>
<th>含义</th>
<th>答题模式</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>列数字</td>
<td>用具体的数字来说明事物的外形或其他特点</td>
<td>用数字具体而准确地说明了事物的xx特点，使说明更准确，更有说服力</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>举例子</td>
<td>为了说明输完的某一特点</td>
<td>用数据具体而说明了事物的xx特点，从而使说明更准确，更有说服力</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>作比较</td>
<td>将两种事物相同或不同的事物现象等加以说明</td>
<td>把xx和xx相比较，突出强调了被说明对象的xx特点（地位、影响等），让人印象鲜明，深刻</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>打比方</td>
<td>通过比喻来说明事物的特征</td>
<td>把xx比作xx，生动形象地说明了事物的xx特征，增强了文章的趣味性</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>分类别</td>
<td>根据事物的形状、性质、成因、功能等把事物分成若干类，依照类别加以说明</td>
<td>对事物分门别类加以说明，使说明更有条理性</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>摹状貌</td>
<td>通过描写具体事物的具体形状或面貌来说明事物的特征（先满足其他说明方法，再满足摹状貌）</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>画图表</td>
<td>借助表格，插图，照片等加以说明</td>
<td>运用画图表的说明方法，对事物的xx特征加以说明，使说明更简明，条理，直观</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>引资料</td>
<td>引用一些文献资料、诗词、俗语、名人名言等来加以说明事物特征</td>
<td>引用了xx资料，说明了事物的xx特征，使说明更生动形象（文学性文本）或更具体准确（新闻、数据等）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>作诠释</td>
<td>对事物或事理的某些性质或特征作适当的分析说明（可以作为人或物的征象、标志等，特点：人或事物所具有的独特特征）</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>下定义</td>
<td>用简洁明确的语言对事物的本质特征作概括说明（属+种差或全部列举）</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</li>
<li>说明文特点：1。语言严谨，准确2.思维的条理性和严密性</li>
<li>体现语言严谨性的答题方式：<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>题目类型</th>
<th>答题模式</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>词语在句子中的作用</td>
<td>1.解词（+限制类型）；2.结合句中说明对象解释词语；3.体现说明文语言的严谨准确性</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>句子中的词能否删去</td>
<td>1.不能；2.解词（+限制类型）；3.结合句中说明对象解释词语；4.==删去==后意思会变成xx（不符合事实）；5.该词体现说明文语言的严谨准确性</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>能否替换某词语</td>
<td>1.不能；2.解词（+限制类型）；3.结合句中说明对象解释词语；4.==替换==后意思会变成xx（不符合事实）；5.该词体现说明文语言的严谨准确性</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>分析句子的语言特点</td>
<td>1.找词；2.解词（+限制类型）；3.结合句中说明对象解释词语；4.该词体现说明文语言的严谨准确性</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</li>
<li>体现说明文语言准确性的词语（各种限定词）<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>词性</th>
<th>限制类型</th>
<th>例子</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>形容词</td>
<td>性质</td>
<td>好的、坏的</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>状态、情态</td>
<td>高、低、长、短</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>副词</td>
<td>表时间、频率</td>
<td>刚刚、当时、常常</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>表方位、处所</td>
<td>这里、那里</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>表程度</td>
<td>最、几乎</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>表肯定或否定</td>
<td>一定、的确、绝对、绝不</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>表估计或推测</td>
<td>一般、大约、可能</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>表范围</td>
<td>一切、部分、所有</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</li>
<li>体现生动性的答题方式：1.修辞；2.表达方式；3.表现（写作）手法；4.句式变化；5.说明方法</li>
</ol>
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